Vocabulary 4 Unit 2 Passage 2

1. spread (n.): the growth or development of something

2. region (n.): a large area of land, usually without exact limits or borders

3. sub-Saharan (adj.): from or relating to areas in Africa that are south of the Sahara Desert: sub-Saharan Africa

4. encroach (v): to go beyond proper limits

5. desertification (n.): the process of becoming or making something a desert

6. spread (v.): to expand

7. previously (adv.): before the present time or the time referred to

8. normally (adv.): usually; in normal circumstances

9. abrupt (adj.): sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way

10. vegetation (n.): the plant covering in an area

11. savanna (n.): a wide flat open area of land, especially in Africa, that is covered with grass but has few trees

12. barrier (n.): something that blocks the way

13. be at fault (phrv.): to have done something wrong

14. overgrazing (n.): overeating grass

15. make room for (phrv.): make empty space that can be used for a particular purpose

16. hooves (n. pl.): the hard part on the bottom of the feet of animals such as horses, sheep and deer

17. pack (v.): to press something down so that it becomes hard and firm

18. tribe (n.): a group of people who usually speak the same language, live in the same area, often in villages and have many relatives within the group

19. clear away (phrv.): to remove something in order to leave a clear space

20. stressed (v.): if something is stressed, it is made to work too hard

21. plot (n.): an area of land

22. abandon (v.): to leave

23. basically (adv.): fundamentally

24. maintain (v.): to strongly express your belief that something is true

25. use up (phrv.): to use all of something so that there is none left 

Vocabulary 3 Unit 2 Passage 1

1. technically (adv.): according to the exact understanding of rules, facts, etc.

2. imagine (v.): to form (a picture, idea) in one’s mind

3. massive (adj.): huge, great

4. dune, sand dune (n.): a small hill of sand formed by the wind, near the sea or in a desert

5. range (n.):  a group of mountains or hills

6. gravel (n.): small rounded stones, often mixed with sand

7. flats (often pl.):  an area of low level ground, often near water

8. bed (n.): a layer of clay, rock, etc. in the ground

9. characterize (v.): to be a special quality or typical feature of

10. block (v.): to prevent something from happening

11. precipitation (n.): rain

12. semiarid (adj.): describes an area or climate with little rain but not completely dry
13. moderate (adj.): not high or low, comfortable

14. ground-hugging (adj.): staying very close to the ground

15. bush (n.): a plant with many thin branches growing up from the ground

16. shrub (n.): a small bush with several woody stems

17. scattered (adj.): covering a wide area

18. shiny (adj.): smooth and bright; reflecting the light

19. conserving (adj.): saving

20. provide (v.): to give someone something that they need

21. shelter (n.): any building or covering (tree branches, a cave, etc.) that gives physical protection

22. imply (v.): to indicate or suggest indirectly

23. uncommon (adj.): unusual, not commonly found or experienced

24. burrow (v.): to dig into the ground 

Unit 1 Passage 2 Social Studies

Vocabulary

1.fascinating (adj.): very interesting

2.hiking (n.): taking a long walk

3.mother nature (n.): nature, especially when considered as a force that controls the weather and all living things

4.recreational (adj.): connected with activities that people do for enjoyment when they are not working

5.equipment (n.): useful items needed for a purpose (work, sports, etc

6.gear (n.): equipment, usually connected with sports

7.life vest (n.): a piece of equipment worn around the upper body to keep a person afloat in water

8.pad (n.): a flat, thin cushion made of soft, flexible material used for comfort or protection

9.surveying (n.): making a precise map of an area

10.complicated (adj.): made of many different things or parts that are connected

11.confusing (adj.): difficult to understand, not clear

12.cavern (n.): a large cave

13. surveyor (n.): a person whose job is to measure and record the details of areas of land

14. accurate (adj.): exact, correct

15. remains (n. pl.): the parts of ancient objects and buildings that have survived and are discovered in the present day

16. pottery (n.): objects made of soft clay and then baked until hard

17. corpse (n.):  a lifeless human body

18. sticky (adj.):   humid, hot

19. preserve (v.):  to keep something in its original state in good condition

20. uncover (v.):   to discover something that was preciously hidden or secret

21. caring (n.): an object or a pattern made by cutting away material from wood or stone

22. civilization (n.): a high level of government, laws, written language, art, music, etc., within a society or culture

23. date back (phrv.):  to have existed since a particular time in the past or for the length of time mentioned 

Unit 1 : Cave

Vocabulary

     -    คำศัพท์และสำนวนภาษา

             -     passage (n.):    a narrow opening or way between two places 

             -     combination (n.):  two or more things put together 

             -     pressure (n.): the force that a liquid or gas produces when it presses against an area 

             -     limestone (n.): a type of rock composed of calcium carbonate 

             -     carve (v.):  if a river, the wind etc. carves land or rock, it removes some of it 

             -     dissolve (v.):    (of a solid) to mix with a liquid and become part of it 

             -     drip (v.): (of liquid) to fall in small drops

             -     trickle (v.):   to run in a thin stream, drip

             -     gradually (adv.):  slowly, over a long period of time 

             -     eat away at something (phrv.): to reduce or destroy something gradually 

             -     eventually (adv.): at the end of a period of time or a series of events 

             -     additionally (adv.): used when you want to mention another thing after something else 

             -     erosion (n.):  a wearing away 

             -     spring (n.):  a place where water comes naturally out of the ground

             -     apart from (prep.):  in addition to, as well as 

             -     coastline (n.):  the land along the ocean

             -     pound (v.): to hit something repeatedly with force 

             -     commonly (adv.):  usually, very often 

             -     unique (adj.): being the only one of its kind 

             -     acidic (adj.):  containing acid